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TSMC has broken ground on a 15-acre industrial reclaimed water factory in Arizona that will begin operations in 2028, producing ultrapure water with an initial recycling rate of 85% and a target of 90%+ to support its Arizona 4-nanometer fab and aim for near net-zero wastewater emissions. The company cited Arizona state and city water planning including a “100-year plan on water supply” and will design the plant to handle higher local magnesium and calcium levels.